Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC)
Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) is a spectrum management mechanism that dynamically assigns frequencies to unlicensed devices in the 6 GHz band, ensuring protection of incumbent services. It is a regulatory requirement for standard-power devices operating outdoors in the U-NII-5 and U-NII-7 sub-bands.
Scope and Application
AFC applies to:
Fixed and outdoor WLAN deployments in the 6 GHz band
Regions with coordinated spectrum access (e.g., FCC in the U.S.)
It is not required for Low Power Indoor (LPI) or Very Low Power (VLP) devices, which are limited to indoor or short-range use.
Regulatory Background
United States (FCC)
Required for standard-power devices in:
U-NII-5 (5925–6425 MHz)
U-NII-7 (6525–6875 MHz)
Governed by FCC Report & Order 20-51
Devices must query an approved AFC system before operating
Europe
AFC is defined in ETSI EN 303 687, but not yet operationally required
National adoption is pending; LPI/VLP allowed under current rules
How AFC Works
Location-based query: The device sends its geolocation, technical parameters, and device type to an approved AFC database
Frequency assignment: The AFC system returns a list of permissible frequencies and power limits based on local incumbent usage (e.g., fixed microwave links)
Enforced configuration: The device must operate strictly within the assigned parameters
Purpose and Benefits
Protection of incumbents: AFC prevents interference with fixed service links, satellite uplinks, and other licensed users
Enables higher power levels: Unlike indoor LPI devices, standard-power AFC devices can operate with higher EIRP outdoors
Dynamic and scalable: AFC adapts to real-time spectrum availability and is designed for large-scale unlicensed deployment